Birth Complications...

After birth there are many complications that may arise, some life threatening to the newborn. One such illness is jaundice, which affects 60% of newborns (Gross, 2008). Jaundice is a symptom of the liver not fully being able to break down red blood cells thus causing yellowing of the eyes and skin (Gross, 2008). Physiological jaundice, as this is named, occurs more often in preterm and breastfed babies and lasts only about ten days (Gross, 2008). Pathological jaundice, however, is much more serious and occurs within twenty four hours after birth (Gross, 2008). This type of jaundice can lead to brain dame or death if left untreated (Gross, 2008). Typically mild cases of jaundice do not require treatment, but for the more severe, phototherapy with ultraviolet light is utilized (Gross, 2008).

Cerebral palsy is also a disorder which may present itself after birth. Cerebral Palsy is brain damage that occurs before, during, or immediately after the birth process and is recognized by decreased muscle tone, decreased coordination, speech and language impairments, etc. (Berk, 2008). Cerebral Palsy occurs in one in five hundred North American births and can rage in severity from mild to serious (Berk, 2008). Ten percent of all cases of cerebral palsy are the result of anoxia (Berk, 2008). After the initial anoxia, cell death can continue to occur even hours later, known as the secondary damage (Berk, 2008) There are several contributors of anoxia such as the separation of the placenta occurring too soon, or placenta abrutio (Berk, 2008). This condition is often related to teratogens being exposed during the prenatal period such as tobacco, alcohol, drugs, etc (Berk, 2008). Placenta Previa is another cause in which the blastocyte is attached so low in the uterus that it actually covers the cervical opening, thus when the cervix dilates; the placenta detaches too early (Berk, 2008). The baby may also fail to breathe after birth due to prenatal injury or impairment to respiratory system during development (Berk, 2008). Etiology of Cerebral Palsy aside, this is most often a condition the parent is not prepared for or expecting upon birth, and may not be detected immediately.

Valerie Poling

References:

Berk, L. E. (2008). Foundations of Development. In L. E. Berk, Infants, Children and Adolescents (pp. 129-145). Allyn and Bacon.
Gross, D. (2008). Physical Growth Health and Nutrition. In D. Gross, Infancy: Development from Birth to Age 3 (pp. 156-160). Pearson Education, Inc: Allyn and Bacon.

Teratogens? How do they impact my child's development? What is exposure? What now?

Teratogens are harmful environmental influences to fetal development (Berk, 2008). These external interferences can come from a variety of sources. Stress of the mother is considered a teratogen and results in behavioral problems, low birth weight, emotional and behavioral problems (Department). Caffeine, smoking and drugs all can lead to low birth weight (Department). Other Teratogens include medications, pollutants, injury, disease or illness, etc. (Berk, 2008). Teratogens may lead to birth defects, development impairments, or even death (Michigan). Teratogens that result in cognitive delay or impairment in the future are considered Behavioral Teratogens (Michigan).

The level of influence the Teratogens have depend on several factors. The threshold effect is one of these factors. The threshold effect occurs when a teratogen that is relatively harmless in a small quantity becomes dangerous at a specific level, or threshold (Michigan). Along with the threshold effect, the duration of exposure is relevant to the impact (Berk, 2008). Another factor is referred to as the interaction effect, resulting when a stimulus is harmless independently presented, but in combination with other stimuli becomes dangerous to the embryo (Michigan). Heredity is also an important indicator whether a teratogen will have an increased or decreased influence on the embryo (Berk, 2008). Genetics determine if an embryo is susceptible or resilient to the specific influence (Berk, 2008).

Timing, or age of the fetus, is highly relevant to the impact of the teratogen (Berk, 2008). Before the fifteenth day after conception, Teratogens have a decreased effect (Berk, 2008). The embryonic period, on the other hand, is the most vulnerable to external influences (Berk, 2008). Organ damage may still result if the Teratogens are presented during the fetal period, but the risk is significantly decreased (Berk, 2008). Decreased nutrition, for example, during the embryonic stage has been linked to physical deformities, while malnutrition during the fetal period is linked to small head circumference and low birth weight (Department). The timing or age of the developing human is critical due to the processes of development occurring during that period. In the third week after conception, the heart is forming, the beginning of brain and spinal cord development is occurring, and the gastrointestinal tract is forming (Boeree). During the 15th day to the third week, the presence of specific Teratogens has been related to the infant being born without limbs and the presence of the heart outside of the cavity (Boeree). During the week four through five, the heart has begun a rhythm, the vertebra is forming, basic ears and eye development is occurring, while the voice box is presenting (Boeree). Thus Teratogens insulting the embryo may cause cleft palate, missing hands and feet, esophageal difficulties, impaired vision and hearing (Boeree). A further example of the timing factor is from the Nineteen Sixties when Thalidomide was prescribed to pregnant women (Berk, 2008). Mothers who ingested this medication who were carrying a four to six week old embryo had higher rates of births with limb deformities, heart damage, kidney and genital deformities (Berk, 2008).

The manners in which Teratogens impact the developing human vary. Caffeine, smoking, drugs, stress, and inadequate nutrition are all related to physical development (Department). In fact, statistics reveal that forty five percent of all pregnancies result in miscarriage (Department). Not all of these are related to Teratogens; however, that number is staggering. One study found that the age of the mother is relevant to development of the fetus, and the younger age increases the risk of healthy infants (Department). Rresearch also indicates that mothers in their twenties are at a higher risk for poor prenatal care and malnutrition (Department). Thus, one has to wonder if the threat of Teratogens counters the increase in health relative to a younger birthing age. The impact of stress has been studied in animals and humans (Department). Research indicates that this teratogen is linked to decreased birth weight and increased behavioral and emotional difficulties (Department). Pollutants such as mercury have been linked to mental retardation, physical defects, language and speech delays, oral motor deficits, and brain damage (Berk, 2008). Lead, another pollutant that has a teratogen effect on infants, is related to the risk of prematurity, low birth weight, brain damage, and physical defects (Berk, 2008). Even slight levels of lead increase the risk as being a behavioral teratogen (Berk, 2008).

One final note worth mentioning, although not a teratogen, is the post natal environment. Post natal environment plays a significant role in the impact a teratogen has on the infant after birth. Research finds that the response of the caregiver and the environment the infant is exposed to assists in determining the degree to which the teratogen will influence the rest of the individual’s life. For example, infants born from prenatal exposure to cocaine, heroin, and methadone have decreased birth weight, physical deformities, and respiratory difficulties (Boeree). Behaviorally, the results are abnormal sleep patterns, high pitched crying, decreased attention to environmental stimuli, delayed motor development (Boeree). However, studies have determined that some infants change these behavioral outcomes, but the change is dependent upon a safe and nurturing environment with a responsive caregiver (Boeree). So, although the physical outcomes can not be altered after teratogen exposure, the behavioral Teratogens could have a decreased impact on the life of the child.

Valerie Poling
Child Psychology

References:
Berk, L. (2008). Prenatal Development. In L. Berk, Infants, Children, and Adolescents (pp. 69-163). Boston: Pearson.
Boeree, G. C. (n.d.). Prenatal Development. Retrieved January 18, 2010, from General Psychology: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsyfetaldev.html
Department, C. P. (n.d.). Hazards to Prenatal Development: Teratogens. Retrieved January 18, 2010, from http://www.psych.colorado.edu/^colunga/P468/teratogens.PDF
Michigan, U. o. (n.d.). Teratogens. Retrieved January 17, 2010, from University of Michigan Psychology Course: http://www.umich.edu/^psycourse/350/jaeckelj/terats.htm

Sensory Processing ... Starting to develop?

Development of sensation is difficult to measure or test due to the inability of the infant to answer or respond to questions, limited physical abilities, etc.  However, many measures have been developed to assist in making assumptions about the amount of sensory information and perception of that information achieved by infants. 

Research indicates that by one month and infant has the ability to differentiate speech from other sounds and can visually scan an area, indicating they have visual perception (Gauvin, 2009).  In fact, by one week research shows that an infant can discriminate between black and gray from as far as one foot (Gauvin, 2009).  By eight months, the infant has 25% of visual ability of adults; however acuity increases with age and rate of development (Gauvin, 2009).  The perception of color develops post natal, rather than prenatal, and likely depends upon experience with color to discriminate or attribute information or constructs to it. 

Studies of sensory processing determine that by three months infants can remember specific stimuli and clearly see objects (Gauvin, 2009).  By six months facial recognition occurs.  Facial Recognition and preference also develops and is not prenatally occurring (Gauvin, 2009).  Research suggests a predisposition for facial features and characteristics, but it is widely assumed that preference and recognition is based on experience with faces, frequency of exposure, and the positive or negative attitudes associated with them (Gauvin, 2009).   During this period, visual acuity increases, as does, interest in sounds and audible stimuli (Gauvin, 2009).

By one year, infants are able to categorize objects by like features such as color, shape, etc.  Limited problems solving skills are emerging, the idea of consequences is being understood, and sequencing is occurring (Gauvin, 2009).

Valerie Poling

 References:

Gauvin, P. (2009). Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint, 7th ed. In C. U. HASOP, Psychology Human Prenatal Development (pp. 3-36). McGraw-Hill Primis.

Sensory Processing ... Starting to develop?

Development of sensation is difficult to measure or test due to the inability of the infant to answer or respond to questions, limited physical abilities, etc.  However, many measures have been developed to assist in making assumptions about the amount of sensory information and perception of that information achieved by infants. 

Research indicates that by one month and infant has the ability to differentiate speech from other sounds and can visually scan an area, indicating they have visual perception (Gauvin, 2009).  In fact, by one week research shows that an infant can discriminate between black and gray from as far as one foot (Gauvin, 2009).  By eight months, the infant has 25% of visual ability of adults; however acuity increases with age and rate of development (Gauvin, 2009).  The perception of color develops post natal, rather than prenatal, and likely depends upon experience with color to discriminate or attribute information or constructs to it. 

Studies of sensory processing determine that by three months infants can remember specific stimuli and clearly see objects (Gauvin, 2009).  By six months facial recognition occurs.  Facial Recognition and preference also develops and is not prenatally occurring (Gauvin, 2009).  Research suggests a predisposition for facial features and characteristics, but it is widely assumed that preference and recognition is based on experience with faces, frequency of exposure, and the positive or negative attitudes associated with them (Gauvin, 2009).   During this period, visual acuity increases, as does, interest in sounds and audible stimuli (Gauvin, 2009).

By one year, infants are able to categorize objects by like features such as color, shape, etc.  Limited problems solving skills are emerging, the idea of consequences is being understood, and sequencing is occurring (Gauvin, 2009).

Valerie Poling

 References:

Gauvin, P. (2009). Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint, 7th ed. In C. U. HASOP, Psychology Human Prenatal Development (pp. 3-36). McGraw-Hill Primis.

Infant Brain Development

The Brain begins to develop rapidly immediately after birth and has reached 80% of its size by age 3 and 90% by age 5 (Gross, 2008).  The brain generates and migrates the neurons during the prenatal period, while after birth that have reached the region of the brain where they will specialize (Gross, 2008).  The spinal cord and brain stem which control the basic processes of life such as respiration, reflexes, sleep, etc. are well developed by birth (Gross, 2008).  Neurons interconnect with other neurons to create synapses by axons and dendrites forming together (Gross, 2008).  Axons carry information away from the cell they work with and dendrites carry the messages to that cell (Gross, 2008). 

Synaptogenesis occurs rapidly in the sensorimotor cortex, thalamus, brainstem and cerebellum prior to the infant reaching five weeks of life (Gross, 2008).  At the three month marker, most of the synaptogenesis activity is associated with the visual cortex (Gross, 2008).  Different regions increase activity at different time frames.   After the first year, pruning begins and decreased production of neural activity, varying according to the age and brain region (Gross, 2008).   The limbic system and cerebral cortex, which is needed for higher learning tasks, develop at a much slower rate (Gross, 2008).  Research indicates that two million synapse are produced every second during the active periods of the cerebral cortex (Gross, 2008). 

Learning is dependent upon experiences.  Experience activates neurons to fire and repeating the experience causes the neural networks formed to strengthen (Gross, 2008).  Environmental influences, however, can have a negative impact on brain development.  Early physical and psychological stress has been found to delay the development or hinder growth in the hypothalamus and brainstem (Gross, 2008).   Researchers using MRI techniques have found that severely neglected and abused children have a smaller head and decreased brain mass (Gross, 2008).  Another study using MRI technique found that the greater the abuse the smaller the brain volume (Gross, 2008).  Studies of abused and neglected children in early childhood have detected delays in cognition, emotional factors, social skills, and physical development (Gross, 2008). 

Valerie Poling

References:

Gross, D. (2008). Physical Growth Health and Nutrition. In D. Gross, Infancy: Development from Birth to Age 3 (pp. 141-152). Pearson Education, Inc: Allyn and Bacon.

So, knowing this, what do we do?  How do we reduce the Shaken Babies?  Improve the experiences and expectant learning opportunities?  Prevent influences that negatively impact the development...?  share!

Get your Children to Eat Healthier... More Veggies, Please!

9 Simple Ways to Get Your Kids to Eat More Veggies

More Help Can Be Found At Dine Without Whine

It seems like a never-ending battle with the kids. Although you and I know veggies are delicious and they’re also good for you, they act like vegetables are a plague they want to avoid at all costs.

If you need creative ways to get your kids to eat more vegetables, here are 9 ideas to incorporate into your daily meals right away:

1. Make healthy choices readily available and put the sugary and greasy snacks away. This doesn’t mean totally deprive yourselves of these delightful treats, but making healthy eating a normal part of your day goes a long way to helping kids develop better eating habits.

2. Add veggies like carrots or even asparagus to smoothies. Kids love fruit smoothies and they’ll never know you put in a little of those dreaded vegetables in.

3. Sneak vegetables into other foods. For example: Add grated carrots into spaghetti sauce or make a zucchini chocolate cake.

4. Try dip. You know kids love to dip everything. Just make sure they know they have to eat the dip stick and not just lick it!

5. Take your kids shopping with you. Let your child pick out a new vegetable in the grocery store that they’ve never tried. Then prepare the vegetable together.

6. Be patient and consistent. Avoid having a tantrum yourself when your child has a tantrum about vegetables on their plate. Sometimes it will take several times of serving the same food before your child is even willing to try it.

7. Make it artistic and fun. Place veggies into a smiley face on your child’s plate or decorate a pizza with them.

8. Let them choose: raw or cooked. Some children may have a definite preference as to whether their veggies are cooked or raw.

9. Plan your meals. Sometimes it’s easy to forget the veggies when you don’t have a plan…allowing your kids to get into the habit of veggie-free meals. Plan your meals and grocery lists in advance, so you won’t come up short on the greenery.

To make your meal planning a whole lot easier, sign up for you 1 ¢ no-risk trial at Dine Without Whine. They put together your weekly dinner plan and even make a quick and easy printable grocery list for you. Click here to get started

The Birthing Process- Your choices and Infant Mortality? What can we do?

Discussion 4-1

The process of birth occurs in three stages. The first of these processes is the dilation of the cervix and transition of the contractions to reach their optimal level (Berk, 2008). This is followed by the birthing process which includes the pushing of the baby down the canal and the emergence of the body (Berk, 2008). Finally, the placenta is delivered, marking the end of the process (Berk, 2008). Although, in a normal delivery, all of these processes occur in the same sequence, cultures define the environment and methods used to assist in the process.
Prior to the 1800’s in the Western Cultures, most births took place in the home (Berk, 2008). However, as risks increased and the industrial revolution brought more medical and professional services to urban areas, hospitals with doctors became the choice setting for birth (Berk, 2008). It is important to remember, however, in the hospital settings; during those times sanitary conditions and standards were low, which possibly increased the potential for harm to the mother and newborn.
Between the 1950’s and 1960’s a Natural child birth Movement emerged in which mothers opted for a more relaxed setting within the hospital, so birth centers were created (Berk, 2008). These allowed for members of the family to participate in the process, the declined use of pain medications occurred, and the onset of practices which assisted the mother in the birthing processes such as relaxation techniques, position and Lamaze (Berk, 2008). This allowed for the mother to have a choice in how the birth of her child would be conducted. Proponents Natural Child birth claimed to reduce pain and reduce anxiety (Berk, 2008). The Natural birth Process included classes about the process to decrease fear, breathing and relaxation techniques, and a coach to assist with the labor by offering encouragement and assisting with the techniques learned throughout the training (Berk, 2008).
Free standing birthing centers also became an option for the mothers. Free standing birthing centers allowed for the mother to choose the position, the environment, and allow whom she chooses into the delivery process (Berk, 2008). Positions included sitting upright or using a special birthing stool which allegedly led to decreased labor and increased oxygen to the baby; Water births in which the water supports the weight of the mother and thus allowing her to move into comfortable positions during the process (Berk, 2008).
During the 1970’s and 1980’s, Home Deliveries became more common. Home Delivery has historically been the preference in countries like England, Netherlands, and Switzerland, but in the Western culture it began to emerge as a choice for women who were at decreased risk for complications (Berk, 2008).
It is important to note that in all cases, there is a risk of complication during the delivery. However, even in hospital setting with a physician standing by, some of these complications cannot be corrected. Once the birth is complete, the risks for the newborn do not end. In fact, depending upon culture, socioeconomic standards, and available support systems, the risk may increase.
Unfortunately the greatest risk for infant mortality occurs with poor ethnic minorities (Gross, 2008). African American and Native American infants are twice as likely to die in the first year, while Canada has the greatest survival rate (Gross, 2008). The infant mortality is linked to physical defects and low birth weight (Gross, 2008). The numbers are actually staggering for the first month of life, with 67% of infant deaths in the United States (Gross, 2008).
Many countries have significantly lower rates of infant mortality in comparison to the United States. Research indicates that this likely due to health care and support that is universal to all who need it in these countries (Gross, 2008). Furthermore, these countries take a proactive approach in offering nutrition, medical care, and social economic supports to the new mothers (Gross, 2008). Western European countries, for example, offer low cost or free prenatal care, home based health services, follow up to the new mother and infant after birth, counseling, and ongoing medical services to the infant (Gross, 2008).
Post Natal development is critical to the survival of the infant. Many countries with high mortality rates lack clean drinking water, immunizations, are in desperate poverty, and have inadequate medical supports (Gross, 2008). Besides these basic needs, the physical contact from the mother is critical. Research indicates that infants who are deprived of comforting physical touch experience higher rates of failure to thrive (Gross, 2008).
So, although history shows progress in the actual birthing process, the post natal care and treatment services available still pose a huge threat to the survival of the infant.

Valerie Poling

References:
Berk, L. E. (2008). Foundations of Development. In L. E. Berk, Infants, Children and Adolescents (pp. 129-145). Allyn and Bacon.
Gross, D. (2008). Physical Growth Health and Nutrition. In D. Gross, Infancy: Development from Birth to Age 3 (pp. 141-174). Pearson Education, Inc: Allyn and Bacon.



Now, after reading that... I am curious, what do you think we should do? 67% of infants die during their first month in the Western Culture? how Can that be? With all the advances in medical technology that we have? yet, those advances are not freely accessible to the poor, uneducated, and those in certain outlying areas...
Is universal health care the solution? Or is this simply going to decrease the available services?

I would love to get a real conversation going on this one... hear your thoughts, see it from a different perspective... So, share here!

Advances in Gene Therapy- Sickle Cell Anemia PKU

With the advances in technology, treatments have become available for some genetic diseases. New knowledge and understanding in the genetic link to specific disorders allows science to decrease the effects of the disease, assist in the treatment, decrease the mortality rate associated with the diseases, and the potential to actually cure or prevent the diseases.

Genetics are not the only character influencing the emergence of specific diseases and disorders. The developmental stage and the environment also play a role in the expression (Gauvin, 2009). Testing can indicate the likelihood of the emergence of certain diseases, such as PKU. One test, AFP assay, or Alpha fetoprotein assay, is a maternal blood tests that reveals if the PKU recessive allele is present (Gauvin, 2009). The detection of these recessive alleles can be conducted before and after birth (Gauvin, 2009).

Women who are found to carry the PKU recessive allele are recommended to take a special diet, typically for life, but at the very least, during pregnancy (Gauvin, 2009). Failure to follow this diet may lead to miscarriage or the the increased risk of the baby having significant mental retardation (Gauvin, 2009). After the baby has been born, the testing can also occur. Babies are tested to determine if the phenylalanine is decreased and preventing the build up of toxins that lead to mental retardation (Gauvin, 2009). If detected, a special PKU diet must immediately be implemented and continued until the nervous system of the infant matures (Gauvin, 2009).

Another disease, sickle cell anemia, is finding hope in the strides of gene therapy and testing measures resulting from the research in genetic disorders and genetically linked diseases. Sickle cell anemia is more prominent in African American populations and 8% of African Americans carry the recessive gene for Sickle Cell Anemia (Gauvin, 2009). Sickle Cell Anemia results when 2 recessive alleles are expressed in combination with each other (Gauvin, 2009). With this disease, the red blood cells decrease in oxygen, resulting in the disfiguration of the cell into an elongated shape which gets caught in blood vessels leading to pain, tissue damage, chronic anemia, and possibility of death (Gauvin, 2009).

Historically, the only treatments available were blood transfusions (Gauvin, 2009). Some pharmaceuticals have been found to help with the symptoms by increasing the activity of dormant hemoglobin genes (Gauvin, 2009). The progress in gene therapy has led to hope for more effective and life saving treatments. Gene therapy involves using normal alleles to compensate for the dysfunctional alleles that lead to the disorder or disease (Gauvin, 2009). In Utero treatments that have been tried utilized bone marrow cells from the father being injected into the fetus through the mother’s abdomen (Gauvin, 2009). Safety is always a concern, even though the use of ultrasound serves as a guide (Gauvin, 2009). Another measure used is the removal of the target cells and then fusing them with the new genes, and then re-inserting them into their target place within the body (Gauvin, 2009).
Obviously medical procedures and science is moving forward quickly. The benefits of these measures include preventing diseases, curing disease, and the possibility of eventually eliminating such diseases. Genetic counseling continues to play a significant role in determining the presence of these defective alleles and determining the risks they present to the infant.

It is important to slow down, though, and consider the negative impacts of such zealous measures. Do these defective alleles have a purpose within the human development realm? Sickle cells, for example, have been found to have a positive purpose for the survival of humans. Sickle cells have been determined to also fight malaria, as their unique formation is genetically resistant to the disease that kills thousands every year (Gauvin, 2009). So, science needs to explore all of the possible outcomes of genetically altering the human cells, even if the intent is to preserve life and prevent suffering.

Valerie Poling

References:

Gauvin, P. (2009). Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint, 7th ed. In C. U. HASOP, Psychology Human Prenatal Development (pp. 3-36). McGraw-Hill Primis.


To my readers? What do you think? Are these advances, "Playing God"- are we altering human nature? Are we ridding society of unique and individual characteristics? Are we stigmatizing those that do present themself with a special characteristic such as mental retardation? Obviously no one wants their child to suffer or feel pain, but as with sickle cell, is there a higher purpose for these characteristics that we may not know?

I would love to hear your take on these advances, gene therapy, etc. I have not personally had to undergo or utilize such testing, so it has not touched me personally, but for some of you- maybe it has... Please share your thoughts and enlighten someone else to a different point of view...

Genetic testing? Gene therapy? Genetic counseling? Is it worth it?

The recent strides in genetic testing and gene therapy have opened up new possibilities and options in the prevention and detection of many genetic anomalies. The genetic exploration can occur prior to conception through genetic counseling, or after conception in the form of some high risk testing options.

Preventative genetic counseling is the least risky step in preventing genetic disorders for families attempting to have children. Through the genetic counselor, the parents are tested with the goal of determining any defective alleles present and the likelihood that a genetic disorder may be expressed due to their presence (Gauvin, 2009). Having this knowledge empowers the parents to make choices best for their family, whether to attempt conception or to utilize other means of creating a family such as donors, adoption, etc.

One such option is amniocentesis. This test allows the researcher to take amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus (Gauvin, 2009). The amniotic fluid contains the cells from the fetus and allows the analyzing of the chromosomes and genetic makeup (Gauvin, 2009). The optimal time to draw this sample is in the sixteenth week of pregnancy and carries the risk of miscarriage for the mother (Gauvin, 2009). The risk is considered to be around 1 miscarriage per 200-300 tests (Gauvin, 2009).

A second common genetic test is chorionic villi sampling. This test carries a higher risk of miscarriage than the amniocentesis, yet it is able to be performed earlier in the pregnancy at the ninth week (Gauvin, 2009). The test also allows for a risk of limb and physical deformities to arise (Gauvin, 2009). Chorionic villi sampling uses cells from the chorionic villi from the chorion to utilize as the testing sample (Gauvin, 2009). The chorion is the membrane that outermost surrounds the amniotic sac and contains identical chromosomes and genes to those of the embryos, although the chorion is not considered part of the embryo (Gauvin, 2009). This testing examines chromosome anomalies, attempts to predict chromosome disorders, and has the potential to look at the genetic markers that have been deemed indicators of many disorders (such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s Chorea, etc) (Gauvin, 2009).

Recently, strides have been made in the area of gene therapy in which normal alleles are inserted into the cells of the patient to attempt to compensate for the defective alleles (Gauvin, 2009). If successful, large scale, this would have obvious potential for curing and preventing many disorders and diseases that are genetically linked such as Crohn’s, Down’s syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, etc.

Controversy obviously surrounds these testing measures. One issue is that parents need to be fully informed that if an anomalies is detected, there is no guarantee that the result will be serious problems because the testing discussed does not explore or contribute to the environmental factors that are present (Gauvin, 2009). There is the fear that scientists are attempting to play God. There is also the risk of the testing procedures discussed versus the knowledge gained. Would knowing your child may be born with Down syndrome really change anything other than having the parent worry excessively? Unless the parent was considering abortion, the risks do not appear to outweigh the information obtained. This leads to another concern, would the knowledge increase the rates of abortion? As mentioned above, the environmental factors are not taken into account with these testing procedures, so it is unclear if the deformed allele will actually express. The question of what criteria warrants an abortion emerges? Could this knowledge lead to insurance companies requiring genetic testing and determining rates based on this knowledge? These are all concerns that have been expressed by society in regards to genetic testing.

A final point of concern with this testing is the stigma that then becomes attached to those with “special abilities” versus disabilities. The disabled movement has worked diligently to remove the stigmatism attached to their disabilities and to be accepted as functional members of society. Creating testing which has the potential to remove or eliminate any genetic disorder provides a negative cloud over the developmentally disabled, once again. Obviously, no parent wants their child to suffer or be treated differently; however, many people believe that everyone has a place in society regardless of their physical and mental attributes. Another concern is where the line will be drawn with the testing and gene therapy? Will science move towards allowing parents to create their own perfect child? Choosing the hair color, physical attributes, IQ? Although that may seem like Hollywood hype, history shows that some societies have already attempted this through other means.

Valerie Poling
Works Cited
Gauvin, P. (2009). Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint, 7th ed. In C. U. HASOP, Psychology Human Prenatal Development (pp. 3-36). McGraw-Hill Primis.

Taking a New Look and Format!

Recently I have been thinking about why I created this particular blog, and the original reason was to share new information, discuss topics important to us regarding health, wellness, our families, etc. and give resources to those in need. Somehow over the past few months, that goal has gotten off track for me and I have focused mainly on crafting, dieting, etc. And although those are fun topics, they are already explored on my blog:
Mommys Reviews at http://mommysreviewsyoucanuse.blogspot.com

So, I wanted to try and take this blog back on track with a new title and new topics. I want this blog to be educational and helpful to women, families, and society. So, please bear with the changes, and if you joined for the craftiness, please check out my other blog and subscribe. There is always something fun and exciting going on there- contests, give aways, freeibes, references, links, shopping and more! You really will love it
http://mommysreviewsyoucanuse.blogspot.com

Sale at Mommy Tyme Bath and Gifts

I wanted to let my readers in on my sale at Mommy Tyme... I am closing out on select spring fragrances until next year, so lotions are drastically discounted, spring spritz's, certain handmade soaps, and in the spirit of the holiday season... I have cut prices on my scarves and accessories! I hope you take a minute to explore my shop and let me know what you think, what you would like to see more of, etc. I know that customers are the foundation of any good business, so what am I missing? Are there colors that you would be more interested in? fragrances? collections? baskets? gift sets?

I could sure use the advice of avid shoppers, so check out my shop, or just look at my widget below and let me know what you think....

Etsy Buy Handmade MommyTyme

Get Back on the Healthy Track

The Power of Antioxidants for Staying Young

Everyone wants to grow old gracefully. Some go under the knife to get that youthful look while others opt for a more natural way to maintain that healthful glow. The way to make peace with age can be found in the types of foods that we eat and the miracle ingredient they contain.

This hidden “miracle” is called antioxidants. They have graced the pages of magazines, medical journals and every product from hand cream to supplement pills. But what are antioxidants and what can they do to keep you looking your best?

Antioxidants are substances that fight the aging process that goes on in your body. They are not produced by the body so to get the benefit of these power-packed substances you must ingest them. A variety of foods contain antioxidants.

Let’s go back to the beginning. The body continually replenishes its cells. Through a process called cellular metabolism, the body produces energy, more cells and repairs any damage. One by-product of cellular metabolism is unstable molecules called free radicals.

Free radicals are molecules that damage your body. They are unstable because they are missing an electron. To get another one and become stable, free radicals will steal electrons from cells. That theft damages the cells in a variety of ways.

The results are visible and invisible changes to our bodies. The development of diseases like cancer, diabetes, arthritis and neurological deficiencies may begin to affect you as you age. Also, thinner skin wrinkles and brittle bones are a problem. Free radicals enter our body from outside sources as well: cigarette smoke, radiation and the sun’s UV rays. The more free radicals we encounter, the greater the damage that can be done.

Antioxidants have been shown to be of great help in the free radical problem. Antioxidant substances combine with free radicals and neutralize them. Once they are neutralized, they can no longer do any damage. Scientists don’t have any idea of a recommended daily dose of antioxidants to correct free radical damage and the diseases that come with age, but they do know that eating foods rich in antioxidants makes a huge difference in how we live.

Where do you find antioxidants? They are all around us. Look no further than your local farmer’s market or produce aisle in the grocery store. Fruits and vegetables contain the principle sources of antioxidants.

Examples of antioxidants include:
* Vitamin C
* Vitamin A
* Vitamin E
* Lutein
* Lycopene
* Beta-carotene

Certain minerals like zinc and selenium also function in the body. They are not antioxidants but they boost the immune system to fight against free radical damage.

Antioxidants are also found in nuts, legumes, cold water fish, seafood and red meat. So, eating a varied diet of fruits, vegetables and the foods just named will increase the amount of antioxidants in your system and help reduce the incidence of disease. Eating fruits and vegetables in their natural form instead of juices brings the benefit of other nutrients found in the foods. Juices also contain a lot of sugar that is not needed by your body.

Food does more than stave off hunger. Natural substances found there can cause us to live longer and stay free of disease as we age.

All Health Content

Emotional Eating!

How to Overcome Emotional Eating

Eating is a part of life. Your body gets its nutrients from food. Sometimes we can go overboard with our eating habits and it can result in gaining weight. One issue with food is emotional eating.

The problem of emotional eating may end with the scale but it begins in the mind. Stress takes its toll on your life. When your defenses are compromised your health takes a hit and so do your emotions.

Everyone has good days and bad days. How we deal with the bad ones brings emotional eating into play. You look for comfort for your hurts. People who turn to food for comfort find a coping mechanism that won’t judge them, hurt them or tell them “no.” To complicate the issue, eating pleasurable foods can stimulate the release of endorphins just like exercise. So, after you eat, you feel better.

All Health Content - For Health Marketers (medium sales page)

Emotional eaters use food to relieve stress. They hide behind the food instead of seeking solutions to the problems. This is not uncommon when the stressor is something horrible such as physical abuse or a death.

But, how do you know you are using food in this way? The first sign is obvious. You will gain weight if you eat too much. In light of the weight gain, examine other areas of your life:

* Have you been under stress lately at work or at home?
* Has anything traumatic happened in the last year?
* Are you dealing with a problem but haven’t found a solution?

Answering “yes” to any of these questions could mean that you are an emotional eater. You eat but you are not necessarily hungry at the time. The foods that you choose are what we term “comfort foods”:

* High fat foods like French fries, fried foods
* High carb foods like macaroni and cheese, mashed potatoes
* Sugary foods like ice cream, donuts, cookies, cake

There is help for emotional eaters. The first step is recognizing that you have a problem. You’ll experience feelings of helplessness and guilt. The guilt is over potentially ruining your health and the helplessness lies in the fact that you don’t see a way out.

Secondly, seek counseling. There are many types of counselors out there that can meet your need. Emotional eating has nothing to do with dieting or changing your eating habits but gaining control over your emotions.

A counselor might suggest things like visualization, practicing problem solving skills, relaxation techniques and family support. Visualization helps you to see your problems in a realistic way and not blown out of proportion. You will also learn to see food as nutrition for the body and not an emotional crutch.

Thirdly, your family can learn your triggers for stress and be on the lookout for changes in your eating habits. They can help you be aware of the foods you are eating, assist you in making healthy food choices and exercise along with you. Proper diet and exercise increases immunity, blood flow and positive thinking. Yoga enhances the mind/body connection so you don’t eat when you aren’t hungry.

Finding new ways to solve your problems and deal with stress will push food out of the equation. You’ll feel good about finding solutions which will replace the dependence on food.

Tips and Ideas for the Week...

Here is a link with great tips on dieting, replacing just a few items that you currently eat with something else- the result being saving several hundred calories a day and jump starting your metabolism! This is just one great resource available at this link- tips on dieting, health, signs to monitor with your health, and more... Worth a read!

http://www.qualityhealth.com/diet-weight-loss-health-center

Here are some great tips and ideas to get your kids off to healthy day at school. Complete the survey and receive free coupons, menu planners, recipe books and more! FREE! super quick and easy- takes five minutes!

https://www.qualityhealth.com/registration?path=39050&rf=39157&ct=36919&
mc=MjA2MjgwNDA.



When we talk about a new you, that is not just on the exterior, but on the interior also... Meaning spiritually, emotionally, building confidence and self esteem, getting your priorities in order, and finding peace. I think for me the ultimate transformation would be to find peace in my life. That is really hard. I have a hard time letting go of personal "warfare" or just occasionally accepting defeat and moving on.

I would love for some of the readers to share how they deal with the daily trials of their lives- is it through prayer? meditation? work? spending time with your children? do you have a hobby that lets you escape for a while? Please take a moment and share your thoughts on this to help another reader find their way to inner peace. For the next few weeks I would like to look at ways we can simplify our lives and draw on that inner sanctuary.

Feel free to leave comments... Remember, each comment brings you one step closer to winning one of the giveaways at Mommy Tyme Bath and Gifts! http://www.mommytyme.org for more information!


4 Things you can Do Right Now to speed up your Metabolism! Really! This is a great article and feel free to reblog it and share it with others! Great ideas, simple to do, and really work!

https://www.qualityhealth.com/featured-article-segment?fa=101847&rf=39157&ct=36922&mc=MjA2MjgwNDA.

If you haven't checked out whats new at Mommy Tyme Bath and Gifts in a while then check below:

New Scarves, neckwarmers, caplets and more for the upcoming holidays! Find the perfect gift now and save! Great sales going on at Mommy Tyme!

http://www.MommyTyme.etsy.com
http://fuzzb.com/MommyTyme


Find more photos like this on Artisans/Jewelry Designers Ltd.






Hey everyone... Could you check out the great contest I entered at MIM? Since I run most of the contests here, I hardly get to participate in any! I sure would appreciate your vote on my item

Mommy Tyme at http://madeformebyoaklie.com/greatfinds.html

The Homeopathic Approach...

etting Started with Homeopathy

Homeopathy is an alternative form of medicine that has been used for thousands of years to treat everything from life threatening illnesses to the common cold. While many people used to modern medicine may find it suspicious, it is still one of the most used types of medical treatment worldwide and is steadily gaining popularity in the western world.

Homeopathic medicine is based on three basic principles. The biggest principle of homeopathy is that like treats like. Instead of treating based on the disease doctors think you have, treatment is done based on the symptoms you know you have. The second principle is that there is only one treatment, not two or even ten like a traditional doctor might give you. The third principle is that everything is given in extremely small doses.

To treat yourself homeopathically, you must figure out all the symptoms. Once you know your symptoms, you find a substance that causes the exact same set of symptoms and take a small amount of it. Because you are only taking a very small amount, the substance not only doesn’t harm you, it’s said to cure you, generally long term or even permanently.

When most people hear about homeopathy, their initial reaction is “no way!” Treating symptoms with something that causes your symptoms seems totally counterintuitive, but it’s a concept that’s used in modern medicine as well as more ancient cures. Shots commonly used to treat allergies contain a small amount of whatever you’re allergic to. Many vaccines contain a small amount of the disease they’re designed to protect against.

While homeopathic medicine is not only considered effective, it has many benefits over modern medicine. Like many other natural medical treatments, most homeopathic remedies are totally natural. While this doesn’t necessarily make them safe, these remedies tend to cause fewer side effects, have little drug interactions, and are generally better for your overall health.

Homeopathic medications are also considered better for your body because they work with it. Many modern medicines work to suppress symptoms like fever or coughing. These symptoms are the body’s natural ways to get rid of disease. Instead of suppressing symptoms, homeopathic medicine works to cure the problem itself while addressing the specific symptoms.

When the right treatment is found, homeopathy is considered very effective. The big problem is that just like there are thousands of prescriptions and over the counter drugs, there are also thousands of homeopathic remedies as well. And if you don’t pick exactly the right one, it won’t work.

While you can buy homeopathic remedies over the counter, just like herbal and other alternative medicines, that doesn’t mean it’s 100% safe to treat yourself. If you’re serious about this treatment you should speak to a doctor who has experience in alternative medicine or even see a specialist in the area.

Want more like this? Check this out: Herbs Article Bundle

Some ideas about dinner you may not think about. What a great concept this program is!

Facts That Can't Be Ignored...

- The average parent spends 38.5 minutes per week in meaningful conversation with their children. (A.C. Nielsen Co.)

- Family dinners are more important than play, story time and other family events in the development of vocabulary of younger children. (Harvard Research, 1996)

- Frequent family meals are associated with a lower risk of smoking, drinking and using drugs; with a lower incidence of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts; and with better grades in 11 to 18 year olds. (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2004.)

- Adolescent girls who have frequent family meals, and a positive atmosphere during those meals, are less likely to have eating disorders. (University of Minnesota, 2004)


Take A Moment To Reflect...

▪ Do you struggle with what to feed your family each evening?

▪ Do you waste too much of your precious time making several trips to the grocery store each week?

▪ Do you spend $200 at the grocery store every week and still not seem to have anything in the house to prepare a healthy meal?

▪ How much money would you have if you put the money you normally spend eating out each month into a jar instead? What would you do with that extra money?

▪ How often does your entire family gather around the security of your dinner table to enjoy a home-cooked meal, relax, and share about your day?



Dine Without Whine


Click the above link to find out more or check out the video below:

Dine Without Whine

For your skin...

As we age, we often notice those fine lines, wrinkles, discolorations... But, some of the OTC and in office medical procedures are pretty scary, right? I mean, really, you are going to inject a parasite or an infectious material into your skin? You are willing to put harsh chemicals that EAT a layer of your skin on? Wow. I am not sure I am ready for all of that. But, if you are considering chemical peels, botox, surgery... You may want to read the following articles:

Are peels safe?
https://www.qualityhealth.com/featured-article-segment?fa=102990&rf=38981&mc=MjA2MjgwNDA.&ct=36917

Skin Care Myths
https://www.qualityhealth.com/featured-article-segment?fa=470&rf=38981&mc=MjA2MjgwNDA.&ct=36918

Free EO Body lotion sample:
https://www.qualityhealth.com/registration?rf=38981&path=39355&ct=36919&mc=MjA2MjgwNDA.


You may decide to go with a more natural, less harsh approach to your beauty and skin care. The trend in the past decade has been towards a more natural, glowing skin. I.e.- the downpour of the mineral makeup, the organic make ups, etc. Well, how about some natural bath, body and lotion products. Visit my shop at http://www.MommyTyme.etsy and check out the new line of butter bars. These bars keep you hydrated with organic high grade cocoa butter, while producing a sensual bath or shower experience with rich lather, luscious skin softeners such as jojoba oil, aloe, and organic almond oil, followed with long lasting subtle fragrances (freesia, Angel, Secret Crush, or grapefruit). Or, if you order directly from the blog by sending an email to Mommytyme70@yahoo.com with Butter bar in the subject- I will give you the bar for 10% off Etsy price (that is 2.25!) What a steal!

Some more freebies that are Good for U

Recipes for Love? that's what it claims, and they are healthy, low in fat, and GOOD for your BODY! To get a free copy, answer a few short questions at the following link:

https://www.qualityhealth.com/brandedQualify

Some information on obesity that you may not know. Watch a short video by 2 doctors who are working on methods to decrease weight in a healthy safe manner...

http://www.qualityhealth.com/high-cholesterol-videos/america-getting-fatter?rf=38820&ct=36929&mc=MjA2MjgwNDA.

Chew gum, lose weight? More weight loss secrets...

https://www.qualityhealth.com/featured-article-segment?fa=401&rf=38820&ct=36922&mc=MjA2MjgwNDA.

Recipes, Recipes, Recipes for the healthy eating and weight loss goals!

Still working on the weight and healthy eating? Me, too! I continue to scour the web for fast, easy, healthy recipes... I have quite a collection, now! I'd like to share a few with you...

If you try these, please comment here on how they turned out? Cost effective? Did the family like them or did your kids refuse? Let other's know and help each other save time and money! Thanks


Salads:

http://www.nubella.com/component/option,com_recipes/Itemid,94/task,detail/rid,8059/s,1/r,salad/

http://www.nubella.com/component/option,com_recipes/Itemid,94/task,detail/rid,6210/s,12/r,salad/


Think those pretzels are a good choice? Hmmm.... Think again!
Check out the link below- it really will surprise you!

http://www.nubella.com/content/view/5740/

Skin Health

Find out about your skin- What is the best product for you?

Do you know what cocoa butter, kokum butter, lanolin and vegetable glycerin add to your skin care and beauty routine?

How about exfoliation? did you know that your dead skin cells only shed every 28 days once you reach your 30's? How important is exfoliation to your overall health?

See the answers, find the right skin care product, determine your own specific needs at Mommy's Tyme Skin Care Page

http://www.mommytyme.org/services.html